An oil tanker seized by US forces in the Caribbean has been under US Treasury sanctions since 2022 for allegedly being part of a global fleet of vessels engaged in illegally smugglingIranian oil.

ATreasury statementfrom the time said the network was led by Viktor Artemov, a Ukrainian citizen with links to Hezbollah and Irans Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF), according to hisUS sanctions list entry.

US President Donald Trump announced the seizure of the tanker while speaking to reporters at the White House on December 10. Video released by US Attorney General Pam Bondi showed helicopters descending on the vessel and special forces taking control of it.

"For multiple years, the oil tanker has been sanctioned by the United States due to its involvement in an illicit oil shipping network supporting foreign terrorist organizations," she wrote on social media. Our investigation alongside the Department of Homeland Security to prevent the transport of sanctioned oil continues.

Transporting Venezuelan Oil

Bondi said the ship was also used to transport sanctioned Venezuelan oil. The seizure comes amid a major US naval build up in the region and a controversial campaign of deadly attacks on alleged Venezuelan drug smuggling ships.

Venezuela condemned the seizure as an act of piracy and grave international crime.

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Iran's Sudden And Brief 'Shadow Fleet' Reveal

The vessel, The Skipper, was named the Adisa when it was sanctioned. The 2022 Treasury statement listed it alongside eight other vessels that it said were part of a vast, complex, and interwoven global network of front companies that are used to facilitate oil shipments for a smuggling network.

The operation involved blending oil to conceal the Iranian origins of the shipments and exporting it around the world in support of Hezbollah and the IRGC-QF, through a network of shell companies in the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, and Singapore, it added.

This is a typical modus operandi for a shadow fleet, used to evade sanctions by nations such asRussia, Iran, and Venezuela.

Sailing Under Different Flags

In a recent interview, Benjamin Hilgenstock, a senior economist at the Kyiv-based KSE institute, told RFE/RL when a ship becomes a shadow tanker, that's the time when youll get these weird special-purpose vehicles on the Marshall Islands involved as owners or when you get these constantly changing UAE-based ship managers.

The Skipper, launched in 2005, appears to be currently owned by a Nigeria-based company called Thomarose Global Ventures, according to publicly available data.

Another typical tactic for shadow fleet vessels is frequent changes of the flag under which the ship is registered. The Skipper was sailing under a Guyanan flag at the moment of its capture by US forces. But Guyana has said it was not actually registered to the country.

There have been cases where crews got arrested when the ship didn't have a proper flag, Hilgenstock said.

Irans economy is heavily reliant on oil revenues, and it has used its shadow fleet of tankers toevade sanctions. As part of its maximum pressure policy against Iran, US President Donald Trump's administrationhas madeit a priority to drive down Tehrans oil exports.

In November, it sanctioned six more vessels, with Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent stating the move continued efforts to cut off funding for the Iranian regimes development of nuclear weapons and support of terrorist proxies.

The US Energy Information Administration (EIA)estimatedIran's crude oil and condensate export revenues at about $43 billion for 2024, up $1 billion from the previous year.

There is little publicly available information about Artemov. His US sanctions listing says he was born in Donetsk in 1975 and gives an address for him in Cologny, an elegant town on Lake Geneva in Switzerland where Russian oligarchs havereportedlypurchased residences.